What is an alpha channel (image transparency)?
Short answer
An alpha channel is extra per-pixel data that stores transparency: how much of the background shows through. It is what gives a logo a see-through background instead of a white box. PNG, WebP, and AVIF support it; JPG does not.
A fourth channel for transparency
A color pixel has red, green, and blue values. The alpha channel adds a fourth value for opacity: 0 is fully transparent, the maximum is fully opaque, and values in between are partly see-through. That is the A in RGBA. See HEX, RGB, and HSL color codes.
Which formats support it
PNG— full alpha transparency, the usual choice for logos and iconsWebPandAVIF— support transparency with smaller filesGIF— only fully transparent or fully opaque pixels, no soft edgesJPG— no transparency at all
Soft edges and halos
Partial alpha is what makes anti-aliased edges look smooth. If a transparent image was flattened against the wrong background color, you can get a faint halo around the edges, which is a sign it was exported onto a mismatched background.